@article {1973251,
	title = {From bias to exclusion: A multilevel emergent theory of gender segregation in organizations. Research in Organization Behavior, 32, 137-162.},
	journal = {Research in Organizational Behavior},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	pages = {137-162},
	address = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {From bias to exclusion: A multilevel emergent theory of gender segregation in organizations<br><br>2012<br>Richard F. Martell | Cynthia G. Emrich | James Robison-Cox<br><br>Abstract: This article presents a multilevel emergent theory of organizational segregation linking gender bias in performance assessment (a micro-level phenomenon) to gender segregation in organizations (a macro-level phenomenon). Based on an integration of multilevel research, emergence and signaling theory, we propose the following: (a) gender segregation in organizations is an emergent phenomenon that arises from the collective behavior of individuals who express only a small bias in favor of males, in concert with the signals governing promotion decisions and organizational mobility; (b) the emergence of a gender-segregated organization is often unintentional and the bottom{\textendash}up and top{\textendash}down processes that produce segregation are difficult to see; and (c) agent-based modeling is especially well-suited for illuminating the dynamics of bias that produce gender-segregated organizations. This multilevel emergent-based theory contributes to the research literature on organizational stratification by: (a) revealing the manner in which micro-level and macro-level forces conspire, oftentimes unwittingly, to produce gender-segregated organizations; (b) providing new and very different directions for future research on gender segregation that rely on agent-based modeling; and, most importantly, (c) moving a 30-year debate over the {\textquotedblleft}real-world{\textquotedblright} impact of gender bias that continues to occupy the field of human resource management and, most recently, Supreme Court justices on to more fertile ground.},
	keywords = {Management},
	url = {http://www.journals.elsevier.com/research-in-organizational-behavior/},
	author = {Martell,Richard}
}