02234nas a2200145   4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260000900210520164300219653003201862100001601894700001701910700002501927856013601952       2014                        eng d00aWhich Technologies are Included in Patent Pools? How Market and Social Factors Impact Selection0 aWhich Technologies are Included in Patent Pools How Market and S  c20143 aPatent pools are a unique form of research and development (R&D) consortium in which licensor firms (technology sellers) bundle together essential patents for licensing out to each other and to third-party licensee firms (technology buyers). Over the last hundred years, governments rarely approved patent pools because of concerns about excessive or inappropriate knowledge sharing among participating firms and the possibility of anti-competitive activity. However, in recent years, regulatory authorities in the United States and Europe enacted policy changes and sanctioned the formation of patent pools in a variety of industries that are economically and technologically important. In this study, we utilize the formation of patent pools as a natural experiment for testing a much debated proposition in organizational research ––– market-based versus network- based explanations for technology selection by firms. For the patents which technology sellers seek to license out to technology buyers, we posit that both the market value of the invention and the network position of the inventor impact the selection of patents for bundling in a patent pool. We conduct empirical analyses utilizing data from multiple patent pools formed within the same timeframe and within the same industry (optical discs). We find that market and network factors reinforce, rather than counteract each other in driving which patents are deemed essential and bundled together in a pool. Our findings have strategic implications for firm-level innovation by technology sellers and buyers as well as policy implications for government regulators.10aStrategy & Entrepreneurship1 aJoshi, Amol1 aNerkar, Atul1 aMallapragada, Girish  u/biblio/which-technologies-are-included-patent-pools-how-market-and-social-factors-impact-selection01861nas a2200145   4500008004100000245007300041210006900114260000900183520133000192653003201522100001601554700001701570700002501587856010301612       2012                        eng d00aStocking the Patent Pool: What Do Firms Offer for Licensing and Why?0 aStocking the Patent Pool What Do Firms Offer for Licensing and W  c20123 aLicensing out intellectual property (IP) such as patents is an important source of firm profit. However, the managerial logic for determining which IP firms offer for licensing remains underexplored in the management literature. Past research analyzes the downstream purchasing decisions of IP licensees. In contrast, this study uses the concept of patent pools, a type of R&D consortium, to explore the upstream marketing decisions of IP licensors. Drawing on the resource-based view (RBV), we hypothesize and find that an increase in the value of IP significantly increases the likelihood that the IP is offered for licensing through a patent pool, while an increase in the imitability of IP significantly decreases the likelihood that the IP is offered for licensing. Further, we find differential effects for the intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions of value and imitability on the likelihood of IP licensing. Extrinsic imitability of IP negatively moderates the relationship between the value of IP and the likelihood it is offered for licensing through a pool, whereas intrinsic imitability positively moderates this relationship. Our findings extend the RBV by providing empirical evidence for how managers determine and use the value and imitability of a firm’s IP portfolio to justify technology licensing decisions.10aStrategy & Entrepreneurship1 aJoshi, Amol1 aNerkar, Atul1 aMallapragada, Girish  u/biblio/stocking-patent-pool-what-do-firms-offer-licensing-and-why01517nas a2200157   4500008004100000245012400041210006900165260000900234300001400243490000700257520089600264653003201160100001601192700001701208856013401225       2011                        eng d00aWhen do strategic alliances inhibit innovation by firms? Evidence from patent pools in the global optical disc industry0 aWhen do strategic alliances inhibit innovation by firms Evidence  c2011  a1139-11600 v323 aResearch and development (R&D) consortia are specialized strategic alliances that shape the direction and scope of firm innovation activities. Little research exists on the performance consequences of participating in R&D consortia. We study the effect of patent pools, a unique form of R&D consortia, on firm performance in innovation. While prior research on alliances generally implies that patent pools enhance firm innovation, our study finds the opposite. Analyzing data on systemic innovation in the global optical disc industry, we find that patent pool formation substantially and significantly decreases both the quantity and quality of patents subsequently generated by licensors and licensees relative to the patenting activity of nonparticipants. Our empirical findings suggest that patent pools actually inhibit, rather than enhance, systemic innovation by participating firms.10aStrategy & Entrepreneurship1 aJoshi, Amol1 aNerkar, Atul  u/biblio/when-do-strategic-alliances-inhibit-innovation-firms-evidence-patent-pools-global-optical